Modulatory Effect of Mengkudu Fruit on the Activities of Key Enzymes of Glucose Synthesis and Utilization Pathways of Diabetic Induced Rats
| Format: | Restricted Document |
|---|
| _version_ | 1860796850376802304 |
|---|---|
| building | INTELEK Repository |
| caption | JOPR: Journal of Pharmacy Research, 7 (2013) 53-61. doi:10.1016/j.jopr.2013.01.003 |
| collection | Online Access |
| collectionurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection407072 |
| copyright | Copyright Copyright © 2013, JPR Solutions; Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved |
| date | 2013-03-12 18:19:59 |
| format | Restricted Document |
| id | 10419 |
| institution | UniSZA |
| internalnotes | 1. Scheen AJ. Drug treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the 1990s. Achievements and future developments. Drugs. 1997;54:355e368. 2. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047e1053. 3. Goodman, Gilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. America: McGraw Hills Companies; 2005. 4. Cosa P, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV, Maes L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: how to develop a stronger in vitro ‘proof-of-concept’. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106:290e302. 5. Duraipandiyan V, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006;6:35e41. 6. McClatchey W. Integr Cancer Ther. 2002;1:110e120. 7. Nelson SC. Fruits Nuts. 2001;4:1e4. 8. Tabrah FL, Eveleth BM. Hawaii Med. 1966;25:223e230. 9. Morton JF. Econ Bot. 1992;46:241e256. 10. Lucas L. Plants of Old Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: The Bess Press; 1982. 11. Kahiolo GW. He Moolelo No Kamapuaa: The Story of Kamapuaa; 1978. 12. Kahiolo GW. He Moolelo No Kamapuaa: The Story of Kamapuaa. Mookini T, Neizmen EC, Tom D, trans. Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawaiian Studies Program, University of Hawaii; 1978. 13. Frode TS, Medeiros YS. Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115:173e183. 14. Rakieten N, Rakieten ML, Nadkarni MR. Studies on the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin. Cancer Chemother Rep. 1963;29:91e98. 15. Fischer LJ, Rickert DE. Pancreatic islet-cell toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1975;3:231e263. 16. Paech D, Tracey MV, eds. Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, vol. 11(4). Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1955:373e374. 17. Kapoor LD, Singh A, Kapoor SI, Srivastava SN. Survey of Indian plants for saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. I. Lloydia. 1969;32:297e304. 18. Somolenski SJ, Silinis H, Fransworth NR. Alkaloid screening. V. Lloydia. 1974;37:506e536. 19. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd ed. New York: Chapman and Hall Int.; 1998. 20. Kokate CK. Pharmacognosy. 16th ed. Mumbai, India: Nirali Prakasham; 2001. 21. Trinder P. Determination of blood glucose using an oxidase-peroxidase system with a non- carcinogenic chromogen. J Clin Pathol. 1969;22:158e161. 22. Drabkin DL, Austin JH. Spectrophotometric constants for common hemoglobin derivatives in human, dog and rabbit blood. J Biol Chem. 1932;98:719e733. 23. Nayak SS, Pattabiraman TN. A new colorimetric method for the estimation of glycosylated hemoglobin. Clin Chim Acta. 1981;109:267e274. 24. Brandstrup N, Kirk JE, Bruni C. The hexokinase and phosphoglucoisomerase activities of aortic and pulmonary artery tissue in individuals of various ages. J Gerontol. 1957;12:166e171. 25. Pogson CI, Denton RM. Effect of alloxan diabetes, starvation and refeeding on glycolytic kinase activities in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Nature. 1967;216:156e157. 26. Koide H, Oda T. Pathological occurrence of glucose-6- phosphatase in serum in liver diseases. Clin Chim Acta. 1959;4:554e561. 27. Gancedo JM, Gancedo C. Fructose-1, 6 diphosphatase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from fermenting and non-fermenting yeasts. Arch Mikrobiol. 1971;76:132e138. 28. Ells HA, Kirkman HN. A colorimetric method for assay of erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1961;106:607e609. 29. Leloir LF, Goldemberg SH. Glycogen synthetase from rat liver: (Glucose)n þ (UDPG) /(Glucose)nþ1 þ UDP. In: Colowick SP, Kalpan NO, eds. Methods in Enzymology, vol. 5. New York: Academic Press; 1962:145e147. 30. Cornblath M, Randle PJ, Parmeggiani A, Morgan HE. Regulation of glycogenolysis in muscle. Effects of glucagon and anoxia on lactate production, glycogen content, and phosphorylase activity in the perfused isolated rat heart. J Biol Chem. 1963;238:1592e1597. 31. King J. Colorimetric determination of serum lactate dehydrogenase. J Med Lab Tech. 1959;16:265e269. 32. Morales MA, Jabbagy AJ, Terenizi HR. Mutations affecting accumulation of glycogen. Neurospora News. 1973;20:24e25. 33. Bell JL, Baron DN. A colorimetric method for determination of isocitrate dehydrogenase. Clin Chim Acta. 1960;5:740e746. 34. Reed CD, Mukherjee DB. Methods Enzymol. 1969;13:55. 35. Slater EC, Bonner WD. The effect of fluoride on the succinic oxidase system. Biochem J. 1952;52:185e196. 36. Mehler AH, Kornberg A, Grisolia S, Ochoa S. The enzymatic mechanism of oxidation-reductions between malate or isocitrate or pyruvate. J Biol Chem. 1948;174:961e977. 37. Krishnaiah D, Sarvatly R, Bono A. Phytochemical antioxidants for health and medicine e a move towards nature. Biotech Mol Biol. 2007;1:97e104. 38. Soling HD, Kleineke J. Species dependent regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in higher animals. In: Hanson RW, Mehlman MA, eds. Gluconeogenesis: Its Regulation in Mammalian Species. New York: Wiley Interscience; 1976:369e462. 39. Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetes complications. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1506e1514. 40. Grover JK, Vats V. Shifting paradigm from conventional to alternative medicine. An introduction on Traditional Indian Medicine. Asia Pac Biotechnol News. 2001;5:28e32. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219030301001811. 41. Koenig RJ, Peterson CM, Jones RL, Saudek C, Lehrman M, Cerami A. Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin AIc in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1976;295:417e420. 42. Asgary S, Naderi G, Sarrafzadegan N, et al. Anti-oxidant effect of flavonoids on hemoglobin glycosylation. Pharm Acta Helv. 1999;73:223e226. 43. Al-Yassin D, Ibrahim K. A minor haemoglobin fraction and the level of fasting blood glucose. J Fac Med. 1981;23:373e380. 44. Nordlie RC, Foster JD, Lange AJ. Regulation of glucose production by the liver. Annu Rev Nutr. 1999;19:379e406. 45. Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Barik R. Effect of aqueous bark extract of Garuga pinnata Roxb. In streptozotocinenicotinamide induced type-II diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107:285e290. 46. Gupta D, Raju J, Prakash J, Baquer NZ. Change in the lipid profile, lipogenic and related enzymes in the livers of experimental diabetic rats: effect of insulin and vanadate. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999;46:1e7. 47. Postic C, Shiota M, Magnuson MA. Cell-specific roles of glucokinase in glucose homeostasis. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2001;56:195e217. 48. Taylor R, Agius L. The biochemistry of diabetes. Biochem J. 1988;250:625e640. 49. Pozzilli A, Signore A, Leslie RDG. Infections, immunity and diabetes. In: International Text Book of Diabetes Mellitus. 2nd ed.; 1997:1231e1241. 50. Williamson DH, Lund P, Krebs HA. The redox state of free nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver. Biochem J. 1967;103:514e527. 51. Roden M, Bernroider E. Hepatic glucose metabolism in humans e its role in health and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;17:365e383. 52. Pilkis SJ, Claus TH. Hepatic gluconeogenesis/glycolysis: regulation and structure/function relationships of substrate cycle enzymes. Annu Rev Nutr. 1991;11:465e515. 53. Xu Y, Osborne BW, Stanton RC. Diabetes causes inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase via activation of PKA, which contributes to oxidative stress in rat kidney cortex. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;289:1040e1047. 54. West IC. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: a candidate gene for diabetes. Diabet Med. 2002;19:172e174. 55. Pederson BA, Schroeder JM, Parker GE, Smith MW, DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ. Glucose metabolism in mice lacking muscle glycogen synthase. Diabetes. 2005;54:3466e3473. 56. Roesler WJ, Khandelwal RL. Quantification of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase protein in mouse liver: correlation between enzymatic protein and enzyme activity. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1986;244:397e407. 57. Parker G, Taylor R, Jones D, McClain D. Hyperglycemia and inhibition of glycogen synthase in streptozotocin-treated mice: role of O-linked N acetylglucosamine. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:20636e20642. 58. German MS. Glucose sensing in pancreatic islet beta cells: the key role of glucokinase and the glycolytic intermediates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:1781e1785. 59. Shoffner JM, Wallace DC. Oxidative phosphorylation diseases and mitochondrial DNA mutations: diagnosis and treatment. Annu Rev Nutr. 1994;14:535e568. 60. Hamaoka R, Fujii J, Miyagawa J, et al. Overexpression of the aldose reductase gene induces apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells by causing a redox imbalance. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1999;126:41e47. 61. Barber AJ, Lieth E, Khin SA, Antonetti DA, Buchanan AG, Gardner TW. Neural apoptosis in the retina during experimental and human diabetes. Early onset and effect of insulin. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:783e791. 62. Srinivasan S, Stevens M, Wiley JW. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: evidence for apoptosis and associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Diabetes. 2000;49:1932e1938. 63. Mazat JP, Rossignol R, Malgat M, Rocher C, Faustin B, Letellier T. What do mitochondrial diseases teach us about normal mitochondrial functions that we already knew: threshold expression of mitochondrial defects. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1504:20-30. |
| originalfilename | 4389-03-FH02-FPSK-14-00595.pdf |
| person | Mainul Haque U.S. Mahadeva Rao |
| recordtype | oai_dc |
| resourceurl | https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=10419 |
| spelling | 10419 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/view.php?ref=10419 https://intelek.unisza.edu.my/intelek/pages/search.php?search=!collection407072 Restricted Document Article Journal application/pdf 9 Adobe Acrobat Pro DC 20 Paper Capture Plug-in 1.7 Mainul Haque U.S. Mahadeva Rao Copyright Copyright © 2013, JPR Solutions; Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved 2013-03-12 18:19:59 JOPR: Journal of Pharmacy Research, 7 (2013) 53-61. doi:10.1016/j.jopr.2013.01.003 Mengkudu fruit extract Glucose utilization Diabetes Streptozotocin 4389-03-FH02-FPSK-14-00595.pdf UniSZA Private Access Modulatory Effect of Mengkudu Fruit on the Activities of Key Enzymes of Glucose Synthesis and Utilization Pathways of Diabetic Induced Rats Journal of Pharmacy Research Objective: The present study was aimed to screen the secondary metabolites and evaluate the ameliorative potential of ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia (Mengkudu) Fruit Extract (MFE) on the glucose synthesis and utilization reactions. Methods: The phytochemicals present in the Mengkudu fruit extract were qualitatively investigated. The blood glucose, glycogen content, and plasma insulin profiles and the activities of the key enzymes of glucose oxidation, and gluconeogenic pathways and glycogen metabolism in liver and kidney tissues in streptozotocin (STZ) induced experimental diabetic albino rats were assessed. Results: The diabetic rats orally treated with MFE (300 mg/kg b.w./day) for 30 days resulted in significant plunge in blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin levels and upswing in glycogen content and a significant progress in plasma insulin and C-peptide level. The distorted activities of key enzymes of glycolysis, TCA cycle, HMP shunt, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism such as glycogenesis and glycogenolysis pathways observed in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats were significantly reverted to near normalcy by the oral administration of MFE. Further, the results were compared with gliclazide, an oral standard drug. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate that this fruit plays an indispensable character in regulating key enzymes of glucose synthesis and utilization reactions to sustain normoglycemia. Moreover consumption of Mengkudu fruit is nontoxic to the system and is hepatoprotective. Presence of biologically active ingredients such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, minerals, and vitamins presumed to account for the anti-hyperglycemic properties of M. citrifolia fruits. 53-61 1. Scheen AJ. Drug treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the 1990s. Achievements and future developments. Drugs. 1997;54:355e368. 2. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047e1053. 3. Goodman, Gilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. America: McGraw Hills Companies; 2005. 4. Cosa P, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV, Maes L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: how to develop a stronger in vitro ‘proof-of-concept’. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106:290e302. 5. Duraipandiyan V, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006;6:35e41. 6. McClatchey W. Integr Cancer Ther. 2002;1:110e120. 7. Nelson SC. Fruits Nuts. 2001;4:1e4. 8. Tabrah FL, Eveleth BM. Hawaii Med. 1966;25:223e230. 9. Morton JF. Econ Bot. 1992;46:241e256. 10. Lucas L. Plants of Old Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: The Bess Press; 1982. 11. Kahiolo GW. He Moolelo No Kamapuaa: The Story of Kamapuaa; 1978. 12. Kahiolo GW. He Moolelo No Kamapuaa: The Story of Kamapuaa. Mookini T, Neizmen EC, Tom D, trans. Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawaiian Studies Program, University of Hawaii; 1978. 13. Frode TS, Medeiros YS. Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115:173e183. 14. Rakieten N, Rakieten ML, Nadkarni MR. Studies on the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin. Cancer Chemother Rep. 1963;29:91e98. 15. Fischer LJ, Rickert DE. Pancreatic islet-cell toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1975;3:231e263. 16. Paech D, Tracey MV, eds. Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, vol. 11(4). Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1955:373e374. 17. Kapoor LD, Singh A, Kapoor SI, Srivastava SN. Survey of Indian plants for saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. I. Lloydia. 1969;32:297e304. 18. Somolenski SJ, Silinis H, Fransworth NR. Alkaloid screening. V. Lloydia. 1974;37:506e536. 19. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd ed. New York: Chapman and Hall Int.; 1998. 20. Kokate CK. Pharmacognosy. 16th ed. Mumbai, India: Nirali Prakasham; 2001. 21. Trinder P. Determination of blood glucose using an oxidase-peroxidase system with a non- carcinogenic chromogen. J Clin Pathol. 1969;22:158e161. 22. Drabkin DL, Austin JH. Spectrophotometric constants for common hemoglobin derivatives in human, dog and rabbit blood. J Biol Chem. 1932;98:719e733. 23. Nayak SS, Pattabiraman TN. A new colorimetric method for the estimation of glycosylated hemoglobin. Clin Chim Acta. 1981;109:267e274. 24. Brandstrup N, Kirk JE, Bruni C. The hexokinase and phosphoglucoisomerase activities of aortic and pulmonary artery tissue in individuals of various ages. J Gerontol. 1957;12:166e171. 25. Pogson CI, Denton RM. Effect of alloxan diabetes, starvation and refeeding on glycolytic kinase activities in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Nature. 1967;216:156e157. 26. Koide H, Oda T. Pathological occurrence of glucose-6- phosphatase in serum in liver diseases. Clin Chim Acta. 1959;4:554e561. 27. Gancedo JM, Gancedo C. Fructose-1, 6 diphosphatase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from fermenting and non-fermenting yeasts. Arch Mikrobiol. 1971;76:132e138. 28. Ells HA, Kirkman HN. A colorimetric method for assay of erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1961;106:607e609. 29. Leloir LF, Goldemberg SH. Glycogen synthetase from rat liver: (Glucose)n þ (UDPG) /(Glucose)nþ1 þ UDP. In: Colowick SP, Kalpan NO, eds. Methods in Enzymology, vol. 5. New York: Academic Press; 1962:145e147. 30. Cornblath M, Randle PJ, Parmeggiani A, Morgan HE. Regulation of glycogenolysis in muscle. Effects of glucagon and anoxia on lactate production, glycogen content, and phosphorylase activity in the perfused isolated rat heart. J Biol Chem. 1963;238:1592e1597. 31. King J. Colorimetric determination of serum lactate dehydrogenase. J Med Lab Tech. 1959;16:265e269. 32. Morales MA, Jabbagy AJ, Terenizi HR. Mutations affecting accumulation of glycogen. Neurospora News. 1973;20:24e25. 33. Bell JL, Baron DN. A colorimetric method for determination of isocitrate dehydrogenase. Clin Chim Acta. 1960;5:740e746. 34. Reed CD, Mukherjee DB. Methods Enzymol. 1969;13:55. 35. Slater EC, Bonner WD. The effect of fluoride on the succinic oxidase system. Biochem J. 1952;52:185e196. 36. Mehler AH, Kornberg A, Grisolia S, Ochoa S. The enzymatic mechanism of oxidation-reductions between malate or isocitrate or pyruvate. J Biol Chem. 1948;174:961e977. 37. Krishnaiah D, Sarvatly R, Bono A. Phytochemical antioxidants for health and medicine e a move towards nature. Biotech Mol Biol. 2007;1:97e104. 38. Soling HD, Kleineke J. Species dependent regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in higher animals. In: Hanson RW, Mehlman MA, eds. Gluconeogenesis: Its Regulation in Mammalian Species. New York: Wiley Interscience; 1976:369e462. 39. Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetes complications. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1506e1514. 40. Grover JK, Vats V. Shifting paradigm from conventional to alternative medicine. An introduction on Traditional Indian Medicine. Asia Pac Biotechnol News. 2001;5:28e32. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219030301001811. 41. Koenig RJ, Peterson CM, Jones RL, Saudek C, Lehrman M, Cerami A. Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin AIc in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1976;295:417e420. 42. Asgary S, Naderi G, Sarrafzadegan N, et al. Anti-oxidant effect of flavonoids on hemoglobin glycosylation. Pharm Acta Helv. 1999;73:223e226. 43. Al-Yassin D, Ibrahim K. A minor haemoglobin fraction and the level of fasting blood glucose. J Fac Med. 1981;23:373e380. 44. Nordlie RC, Foster JD, Lange AJ. Regulation of glucose production by the liver. Annu Rev Nutr. 1999;19:379e406. 45. Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Barik R. Effect of aqueous bark extract of Garuga pinnata Roxb. In streptozotocinenicotinamide induced type-II diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107:285e290. 46. Gupta D, Raju J, Prakash J, Baquer NZ. Change in the lipid profile, lipogenic and related enzymes in the livers of experimental diabetic rats: effect of insulin and vanadate. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999;46:1e7. 47. Postic C, Shiota M, Magnuson MA. Cell-specific roles of glucokinase in glucose homeostasis. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2001;56:195e217. 48. Taylor R, Agius L. The biochemistry of diabetes. Biochem J. 1988;250:625e640. 49. Pozzilli A, Signore A, Leslie RDG. Infections, immunity and diabetes. In: International Text Book of Diabetes Mellitus. 2nd ed.; 1997:1231e1241. 50. Williamson DH, Lund P, Krebs HA. The redox state of free nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver. Biochem J. 1967;103:514e527. 51. Roden M, Bernroider E. Hepatic glucose metabolism in humans e its role in health and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;17:365e383. 52. Pilkis SJ, Claus TH. Hepatic gluconeogenesis/glycolysis: regulation and structure/function relationships of substrate cycle enzymes. Annu Rev Nutr. 1991;11:465e515. 53. Xu Y, Osborne BW, Stanton RC. Diabetes causes inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase via activation of PKA, which contributes to oxidative stress in rat kidney cortex. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;289:1040e1047. 54. West IC. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: a candidate gene for diabetes. Diabet Med. 2002;19:172e174. 55. Pederson BA, Schroeder JM, Parker GE, Smith MW, DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ. Glucose metabolism in mice lacking muscle glycogen synthase. Diabetes. 2005;54:3466e3473. 56. Roesler WJ, Khandelwal RL. Quantification of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase protein in mouse liver: correlation between enzymatic protein and enzyme activity. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1986;244:397e407. 57. Parker G, Taylor R, Jones D, McClain D. Hyperglycemia and inhibition of glycogen synthase in streptozotocin-treated mice: role of O-linked N acetylglucosamine. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:20636e20642. 58. German MS. Glucose sensing in pancreatic islet beta cells: the key role of glucokinase and the glycolytic intermediates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:1781e1785. 59. Shoffner JM, Wallace DC. Oxidative phosphorylation diseases and mitochondrial DNA mutations: diagnosis and treatment. Annu Rev Nutr. 1994;14:535e568. 60. Hamaoka R, Fujii J, Miyagawa J, et al. Overexpression of the aldose reductase gene induces apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells by causing a redox imbalance. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1999;126:41e47. 61. Barber AJ, Lieth E, Khin SA, Antonetti DA, Buchanan AG, Gardner TW. Neural apoptosis in the retina during experimental and human diabetes. Early onset and effect of insulin. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:783e791. 62. Srinivasan S, Stevens M, Wiley JW. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: evidence for apoptosis and associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Diabetes. 2000;49:1932e1938. 63. Mazat JP, Rossignol R, Malgat M, Rocher C, Faustin B, Letellier T. What do mitochondrial diseases teach us about normal mitochondrial functions that we already knew: threshold expression of mitochondrial defects. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1504:20-30. |
| spellingShingle | Modulatory Effect of Mengkudu Fruit on the Activities of Key Enzymes of Glucose Synthesis and Utilization Pathways of Diabetic Induced Rats |
| subject | Mengkudu fruit extract Glucose utilization Diabetes Streptozotocin |
| summary | Objective: The present study was aimed to screen the secondary metabolites and evaluate the ameliorative potential of ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia (Mengkudu) Fruit Extract (MFE) on the glucose synthesis and utilization reactions. Methods: The phytochemicals present in the Mengkudu fruit extract were qualitatively investigated. The blood glucose, glycogen content, and plasma insulin profiles and the activities of the key enzymes of glucose oxidation, and gluconeogenic pathways and glycogen metabolism in liver and kidney tissues in streptozotocin (STZ) induced experimental diabetic albino rats were assessed. Results: The diabetic rats orally treated with MFE (300 mg/kg b.w./day) for 30 days resulted in significant plunge in blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin levels and upswing in glycogen content and a significant progress in plasma insulin and C-peptide level. The distorted activities of key enzymes of glycolysis, TCA cycle, HMP shunt, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism such as glycogenesis and glycogenolysis pathways observed in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats were significantly reverted to near normalcy by the oral administration of MFE. Further, the results were compared with gliclazide, an oral standard drug. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate that this fruit plays an indispensable character in regulating key enzymes of glucose synthesis and utilization reactions to sustain normoglycemia. Moreover consumption of Mengkudu fruit is nontoxic to the system and is hepatoprotective. Presence of biologically active ingredients such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, minerals, and vitamins presumed to account for the anti-hyperglycemic properties of M. citrifolia fruits. |
| title | Modulatory Effect of Mengkudu Fruit on the Activities of Key Enzymes of Glucose Synthesis and Utilization Pathways of Diabetic Induced Rats |
| title_full | Modulatory Effect of Mengkudu Fruit on the Activities of Key Enzymes of Glucose Synthesis and Utilization Pathways of Diabetic Induced Rats |
| title_fullStr | Modulatory Effect of Mengkudu Fruit on the Activities of Key Enzymes of Glucose Synthesis and Utilization Pathways of Diabetic Induced Rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modulatory Effect of Mengkudu Fruit on the Activities of Key Enzymes of Glucose Synthesis and Utilization Pathways of Diabetic Induced Rats |
| title_short | Modulatory Effect of Mengkudu Fruit on the Activities of Key Enzymes of Glucose Synthesis and Utilization Pathways of Diabetic Induced Rats |
| title_sort | modulatory effect of mengkudu fruit on the activities of key enzymes of glucose synthesis and utilization pathways of diabetic induced rats |